These theories have focused on employees internal factors that. Maslows hierarchy categorizes human needs into physiological, safety, social, esteem. Management concepts and organisational behaviour module. According to selfdetermination theory, skilled workers who are given a chance to hone their skills and the freedom to practice their craft will be intrinsically motivated. Process theories of motivation linkedin slideshare.
Managers usually strive to find ways to motivate their staff. For example, an employee in the organization considers the need for higher pay, more challenging work, for time off etc. To improve employee and organisational performance, we need to create the conditions that support employee motivation to. We will use here a modified version of this classification. Process theories of motivation are about a cognitive rational process and concentrate on the psychological and behavioural processes that motivate an individual. Needbased theories describe motivated behavior as individual efforts to meet needs.
Process theories of motivation stars university of. These views are explained as theories of motivation. Many people equate the causes of behavior with motivation. These needs influence the thought processes of employee that directs him to satisfy the needs by adopting a particular. Process theories of motivation process theories of. The process theories are concerned with the cognitive antecedents that go into motivation and with the way they are related to one another. Oct 12, 2017 motivation theories, maslows hierarchy, herzberg two factor theory and mcgregor theory x and y.
The distinction between content and process theories. Motivation process is universal, all people are motivated to pursue goals they value. Process related theories explain how motivation evolves and is. These theories focus on the mechanism by which we choose a target, and the effort that we exert to hit the target. View notes process theories of motivation from busi 3310 at memorial university of newfoundland. None would deny that it is the most important process in the more micro approach toorganizationalbehavior. Whereas the content theories concentrate on the question of what motivates, the process theories address more the issues relating to how the process works and sustains itself over time, such as factors that determine the degree of effort, the continuation of effort, the modification of effort, etc. Instead, processbased theories view motivation as a rational process. Values are incentives or reasons for engaging in an activity. While process theories focus on how something happens, variance theories focus on why something happens. Theories of motivation and their application in organizations. The theories given by vroom, porter and lawler, equity theory and attribution theory fall in this category.
Motivation process in management and organisational behaviour. Therefore, the managers should understand the process of motivation. We can also have process theories, which are concerned with the thought processes that influence our behaviour. According to this perspective, the managers job is to identify what people need and then to make sure that the work environment becomes a means of satisfying these needs. A risk analysis 47 namely, relatedness being esteemsocial needs, then growth being selfactualization and existence which is securityphysiological needs. Argues that the behaviour that results in rewarding consequences is likely to be repeated. Belongingness and love integration into social groups, feel part of a. Brief motivation is the basic psychological process. Thus, theories of motivation can be broadly classified as. Different psychologists have emphasised different aspects of motivation. An unsatisfied need creates tension that stimulates drives within the individual. The content and process theories of motivation provide human resource managers with the basic understanding of personal needs deficiencies, and how these needs can be transformed into motivated behavior. In essence, these theories examine how a persons needs will affect his behavior in order to achieve a goal related to those needs.
Several termsmotive, drive, need, instincts, curiosity, goal incentive and interest are used to explain the term motivation. Overview of theories 4 maslow herzberg mcclelland 5. Process theories explain how satisfaction comes about, as opposed to what causes motivation. Views on individual motivation, cultural differences in motivation, developing motivation and commitment in teams. Process theories attempt to explain the thought processes of individuals who demonstrate motivated behavior. Motivation is the process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. It is important to emphasize that these various theories are not conclusive.
The diagonal model of job satisfaction and motivation. Early and modern theories of motivation allow a manager to find the reasons for peoples actions, desires, and needs. There could be a switch in focus from intrinsic to extrinsic motivation. Communication and its impact on leadership identity and relationships, managing communication to improve decision making, steps for developing your intercultural communication skills. Oct 26, 2014 difference between content theory and process theory is that, content theory emphasizes on the reasons for changing the human needs frequently while process theory focuses on the psychological processes which affect motivation, with regard to the expectations, goals, and perceptions of equity. Venugopalan maslows theory of motivation its relevance and. Oct 16, 2015 the process of motivation starts with the need which may be the perception of deficiency in an individual. The two main process theories of motivation are expectancy theory and equity theory. Motivation is the result of the interaction between an individual and a situation. Each theoretical explanation can serve as the basis for the development of techniques. Process theories are often contrasted with variance theories, that is, systems of ideas that explain the variance in a dependent variable based on one or more independent variables. Motivational theories a critical analysis 67 efforttoperformance expectancy is the starting point in the implementation of the expectancy theory. Content theories of motivation organizational behavior. Motivation theories also explain how to influence ones direction to behavior that allows controlling and guiding employees actions.
Processrelated theories explain how motivation evolves and is. In this chapter, content and processrelated theories of work motivation are described and discussed. The process theories mainly imply that individual choices are based on preferences, reward factors and sense of accomplishment. Causes of behavior are much broader and more complex. Process theories of motivation try to explain why behaviors are initiated. Motivation theories, maslows hierarchy, herzberg two factor theory and mcgregor theory x and y. The content theories find the answer to what motivates an individual and is concerned with individual needs and wants. Pdf comparison of process theories to content theories in. A process theory is a system of ideas that explains how an entity changes and develops. The psychological and behavioral processes that motivate a person to act in a particular way are referred to as process theories of motivation. Process cognitive theories of motivation 1 reinforcement theory. Process theories like skinners reinforcement theory, victor vrooms expectancy theory, adams equity theory, and lockes goalsetting theory set out to explain how motivation occurs and how our motives change over time.
Process theories contrast sharply with the earlier content theories, which focused on identifying factors associated with motivation in a relatively static environment. Expectancy theory also called valenceinstrumentalityexpectancy theory or vie theory is associated with vroom, porter and lawler and it suggests that effort a is linked to the desire for a particular outcome, and bmoderated by an evaluation of the. The motivation process progresses through a series of discrete steps. Many theories of motivation are developed by phycologists and human resources specialists. These drives generate a search behavior to achieve particular goals that will satisfy the need and lead to a reduction of tension. They enjoy their work more and experience less stress. The most wellknown process theory of motivation is the reinforcement theory, which focused on. These theories are more concerned with how behavior is initiated, directed and sustained. According to selfdetermination theory, skilled workers who are given a chance to hone their skills and the freedom to. The equity theory postulates that employees will weigh their input into a job against the output they receive from it the more the rewards, the greater their satisfaction.
We have appreciated earlier the importance of motivation in determining human behaviour. Behavioral psychologists have developed various theories about motivation in an. Not one process fits all individuals, and leaders and administrators in the public sector should look to use content theories as a way of identifying what makes individuals tick, and subsequently look to process theories as a way of beginning a way to motivate them. Process theories attempt to identify the relationship among the dynamic variables, which. Pdf motivation theories have been classified into process theory and content. Process theories of motivation organizational behavior. Individuals analyze their environment, develop thoughts and feelings, and react in certain ways. Skinners reinforcement theory, victor vrooms expectancy theory, adams equity theory and lockes goal setting theory figure 1.
No single motivation theory explains all aspects of peoples motives or lack of motives. The equity theory process theories explain how satisfaction comes about, as opposed to what causes. Process theories are concerned with how motivation occurs, and what kind of process. Content theories have emphasised the factors and needs that encourage and inspire employees behaviour and performance. Motivation theories are used to understand, explain and. These different cognitive theories of motivation are usually divided into two contrasting approaches1. Jul 09, 2017 the process theories mainly imply that individual choices are based on preferences, reward factors and sense of accomplishment. Mar 11, 2016 process cognitive theories of motivation 1 reinforcement theory. Process theories place emphasis on the actual process of motivation. Instead, process based theories view motivation as a rational process.
There are several definitions of the term motivation. A classic taxonomy of motivation theories is to group them into two main sets. The theories of motivation, try to provide general sets of principles to guide our understanding of the urges, wants, needs, desires, strivings and goals that come. How motivation comes about and how it leads to satisfaction is explained by process theories. Content theories of motivation also referred to as needs theories focus on the needs that motivate behavior. Implication of motivation theories in realworld workplace. Chapter 5 contemporary theories of motivation integrating. Motivated employees are more productive and creative than those who are unmotivated. These theories provide a much sounder explanation of work motivations. Process theories of motivation attempt to explain this aspect of motivation by focusing on the intensity of motivation as well as its direction. Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological need that.
Quit chapter start contents video chapter end web site. In this theory employee constantly assesses their level of effort against fellow workers and the reward. Improving and sustaining high performance from our organisations employees is critical to our success as leaders and managers. The process of motivation starts with the need which may be the perception of deficiency in an individual.
The content theories deal with what motivates people, whereas the process theories deal with, how motivation occurs. Put simply, this is all about how peoples needs influence and drive their behaviour. Difference between content theory and process theory. A guide for public servants by an authorized administrator of stars.
In this chapter, content and process related theories of work motivation are described and discussed. Contemporary theories of motivation incorporate equity, control and agency theory, as well as goal setting, reinforcement, and job design theory. Mcclelland advocates that home environment, social philosophy and social norms and values. Work motivation theories beginning in the mid 1960s, a new approach to the study of work motivation emerged, which focused on delineating the processes underlying work motivation. This article explores how different theories of motivation can be. Process theories of motivation how personal needs drive. The works of skinner are cited most often in connection with the reinforcement theory. The third objective is to examine the current situation of the case company in order to.